1) Why does stuttering occur? In most cases, stuttering occurs in neurologically weakened children. It can arise after suffering a fright, as a result of improper upbringing, when parents move from excessive affection to rough treatment of the child, do not follow the daily routine necessary for the child, overload him with reading books, force him to repeat complex words, phrases, poems at a time when This is still difficult for the child, since his speech is not fully formed. Sometimes parents tell their children information that is not appropriate for their age development. For example, a four- to five-year-old child in a conversation uses terms from the specialty of his father or mother. Parents are delighted with the “learning” of the child, but these words, unusual for his age, make it difficult for the child and as a result can lead to stuttering. Cinema, television, children's plays, holiday trees, reading books, a large number of toys - all this leads to overstrain of the nervous system. system of the child and, as a result, a speech defect. The weakening of a child’s body after an illness (especially after severe childhood illnesses - measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, dysentery, etc.) can also serve as a basis for speech impairment. Physical punishment, intimidation, sharp shouts, placing a child in a dark room as punishment can serve as an impetus for the development of stuttering for a nervously weakened and impressionable child. Sometimes a child's stuttering is a consequence of imitating the stuttering speech of someone around him. 2) Types of stuttering There are two types of stuttering: clonic and tonic. Stuttering in children is usually accompanied by a sharp disturbance in breathing. - The child, before pronouncing a word, exhales air (air leakage), and speaks while inhaling - inhaling speech. With clonic stuttering, a child repeats the same initial syllable or sound several times: ma-ma-ma-car, p-p-p-cock, and sometimes, before pronouncing a word, repeats a vowel sound, for example: a-a-a-a-a-orange, and-and-and-toy. The clonic type of stuttering usually occurs in the first months of a speech disorder. - Tonic stuttering is expressed in the fact that the child makes long stops and pressure on consonant and vowel sounds, for example: p-truth, t-ramway, th-I think, S-asha, A-nyuta.- In addition, there is a mixed type of stuttering, when a child experiences clonic and tonic convulsions, for example: “Ma-ma-mom, I-I-I-m-g-g-g-to-fall!” At the same time, a delay on one of the sounds (m-ogu) is often accompanied by such a sharp tension that it turns into a spasm, and sometimes even one sound is replaced by another, for example: M-bisha (Misha), the child seems to choke during a conversation; The child’s speech is accompanied by short, intermittent, convulsive breathing, as a result of which words and phrases are abruptly broken into syllables - the child speaks as if short of breath. - The child has a long breath hold before starting to speak, and he cannot begin to speak. In addition to breathing problems, When stuttering, hoarseness and partial loss of voice may occur. Sometimes the voice disappears completely and the child speaks in a whisper. 3) Is it possible to correct the speech of a stuttering child? If a child develops stuttering, you must first contact a neurologist at the children's clinic. He will determine the cause of stuttering, give the necessary prescription to strengthen the child’s nervous system, refer him to a speech therapist who will provide the child with practical help or give parents instructions on how to help him in a family setting. Under no circumstances should parents or others be allowed to pay attention the child to the irregularity of his speech, they said that he stuttered. It is recommended to talk to a child who has begun to stutter as little as possible. You should not ask him questions, you should speak to him calmly, slowly, but without breaking words into syllables. When a child stops in visible difficulty duringconversation or cannot start speaking, it is necessary to help him by suggesting the right words or reminders so that he does not rush, but speaks slowly. The daily routine must be strictly maintained and structured in such a way that the child spends maximum time outdoors. In addition, daytime sleep should last at least 2 hours, and nighttime sleep should last 10–11 hours (depending on age). It is not recommended to wake the child. It is advisable to do a rubdown in the morning, and a warm shower at night. Meals are four to five times a day, nutritious, with plenty of vitamins, and always at certain times. The daily routine, water procedures, and nutrition should be coordinated with the doctor observing the child. It is recommended to ensure that the child, if possible, is not in a noisy, disorganized children's society, which can cause severe agitation in the child, which in turn usually contributes to the deterioration of speech; it is necessary to avoid impressions that excite the child (theater, circus, guests, TV, scary bedtime stories, quarrels in the presence of the child, etc.) In a family where there is a child who stutters, a speech regime should be established. Family members should ensure that their speech is leisurely, smooth, and intelligible. Hearing correct speech around him, the stuttering child will involuntarily imitate it, and the stuttering will gradually weaken, and in some cases may even disappear completely. The task of parents is to free the speech of a stuttering child from tension, to make it free, smooth, and rhythmic. To do this, in addition to observing the speech regime in the family, you should conduct special exercises with the child for 20–30 minutes every day to relieve tone, develop speech breathing, coordinate words and movements, and play exercises for developing the voice. Exercises to relieve tone consist of children performing relaxing movements. For example, children are asked to wave their hands, as if saying goodbye, like a bird’s wings, shake their relaxed hands, as if shaking off splashes of water, or “dip” their hands into paints and “spray” them in different directions, while naming colors, etc. When carrying out exercises for the development of speech breathing, the following game techniques are used: put out a candle (blow on the index finger of your hand instead of a candle), blow cotton wool from your hand, blow on a dandelion, on “chilled” hands, while saying in a whisper f-f-f. Voice development exercises are based on onomatopoeias that are well known to children: the whistle of a steam locomotive, the howl of a wind, a wolf - oooh, the buzz of a bee, fly, beetle - w-w-w, the hiss of a goose - sh-sh-sh, etc. Necessity classes to develop the voice and correct speech breathing in children who stutter is due to the fact that they are often afraid of the sound of their own voice, speak quietly, hesitantly, and this further enhances their speech defect. Outdoor games, during which the word is coordinated with movement, are interesting for children, because the accompaniment of the text of the games is accompanied by clapping, hitting and tossing the ball, movements of the arms, legs, jumping, etc. Accompanying the text with movements restrains the child’s hasty speech and at the same time distracts him from painful attention to his speech. The development of smooth, calm speech in a child is facilitated by conjugate and reflected reading of short poems, stories, fairy tales, answers to questions about what has been read, as well as stories based on pictures. In conjugate reading, the adult invites the child to read a fairy tale together; First, the adult alone clearly and slowly pronounces the phrase, then repeats it with the child. The phrases are short, two to three words per breath. When this type of reading is mastered by the child, you can move on to reflected reading. In reflected reading, the phrase is first spoken by an adult, and then the child pronounces it independently. For reflected reading, and then for independent reading by heart, poetic material is recommended, since the smooth rhythmic text of poetry helps well.